In the aftermath of WWI, African-Americans embraced the philosophy of resistance to white supremacy. When racial strife erupted in the streets of cities across the nation, Black veterans and their supporters organized armed resistance and defended their homes, businesses and lives. They fought back against efforts to impose second class citizenship on them after so many had fought for the country. Blacks also resisted in the courts. This seminar will use primary sources to illustrate the multiple challenges African-Americans struggled to overcome in the early 20th century.

This program will be conducted as a Socratic discussion, utilizing primary source documents as the only readings, and with the Discussion Leader facilitating the conversation, instead of lecturing or presenting. Registrants, therefore, are highly encouraged to read all the documents in advance and come ready with questions. Teachers will receive a Letter of Attendance at the conclusion of the seminar.