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Letter from Columbus to de Torres (1500)
In this 1500 letter, Columbus defends his actions in the Americas by framing colonization as both a divine mission and a military conquest. He presents himself as God’s chosen agent, claiming spiritual authority for Spain’s expansion and emphasizing Queen Isabella’s support. Columbus argues that he should not be judged by European laws, but as a conqueror governing unfamiliar lands and peoples with different customs and religions. He portrays Indigenous societies as obstacles to be overcome and credits colonization with transforming Spain’s wealth and power. The letter reveals how religious justification, personal grievance, and imperial ambition were intertwined in early European colonization.

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Most Virtuous Lady:

Though my complaint of the world is new, its habit of ill-using is very ancient. I have had a thousand struggles with it, and have thus far withstood them all, but now neither arms nor counsels avail me and it cruelly keeps me under water. Hope in the creator of all men sustains me; His help was always very ready; on another occasion, and not long ago, when I was still more overwhelmed, He raised me with his right arm, saying, O Man of little faith, arise, it is I; be not afraid.1

I came with so much cordial affection to serve these princes, and have served them with such service, as has never been heard of or seen.

Of the new heaven and earth which our Lord made, when Saint John was writing Apocalypse,2 after what was spoken by the mouth of Isaiah,3 he made me the messenger, and showed me where it lay. In all men there was disbelief, but to the Queen my Lady He gave the spirit of understanding, and great courage, and made her heiress of all, as a dear and much loved daughter. I went to take possession of all this in her royal name. They sought to make amends to her for the ignorance they had all shown by passing over their little knowledge, and talking of obstacles and expenses. Her Highness, on the other hand, approved of it, and supported as far as she was able. . . .

They judge me over there as they would a Governor who had gone to Sicily, or to a city or town placed under regular government, and where the laws can be observed in their entirety without fear of ruining everything; and I am greatly injured thereby. I ought to be judged as a Captain who went from Spain to the Indes to conquer a numerous and warlike people, whose customs and religion are very contrary to ours; who live in rocks and mountains, without fixed settlements, and not like ourselves; and where, by the divine will, I have placed under the dominion of the King and Queen, our sovereigns, another world, through which Spain, which was reckoned a poor country, has become the richest. I ought to be judged as a Captain who for such a long time up to this day has borne arms without laying them aside for an hour, and by gentlemen adventurers and by customs and not by letters, unless they were Greeks or Romans, or others of modern times of whom there are so many and such noble examples in Spain; or otherwise I receive great injury, because in the Indes there is neither town nor settlement. . . .

Source

Letter of Columbus to the Nurse of Prince John, American Journeys Collection, Document No. AJ-067, Wisconsin Historical Society Digital Library and Archives, Wisconsin Historical Society, 2003.

Footnotes

  • Matthew 14:31
  • Revelation 21:1
  • Isaiah 65:17

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