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Gage’s Defense of British Actions in Boston
October 20, 1774
In October 1774, as tensions between Britain and Massachusetts escalated toward open conflict, General Thomas Gage defended his conduct as royal governor and commander-in-chief of British forces in North America. Writing in response to accusations that Boston had been militarily oppressed, Gage rejected claims that the army had targeted civilians or curtailed movement. Instead, he portrayed British fortifications as defensive measures made necessary by “hostile preparation throughout the country” and threats of “blood and slaughter.” His justification reveals how differently imperial officials and colonial critics interpreted the same events.

Gage’s insistence that he was simply performing his duty underscores a central theme of the imperial crisis: competing definitions of constitutional obligation. To many colonists, British troop deployments and fortifications symbolized tyranny and coercion. To Gage, they represented lawful enforcement of parliamentary authority amid rising disorder. His call for Massachusetts to pay for the destroyed tea and petition the king reflects continued hope—however faint—for reconciliation within the empire. Yet Gage’s letter also betrays growing pessimism. While he professes a desire for harmony between “mother country and the colonies,” he doubts whether moderation will prevail. His metaphor comparing imperial disputes to “quarrels of lovers” suggests an attachment to imperial unity even as mutual suspicion deepened.

This document highlights the widening gap in perception by late 1774. Where many colonists framed resistance as defense of traditional English rights, Gage interpreted colonial mobilization as rebellion requiring firm response. His perspective illuminates the British commitment to sovereignty and order at precisely the moment when colonial leaders were redefining loyalty, rights, and the limits of imperial authority.

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Representations should be made with candor, and matters stated exactly as they stand. People would be led to believe, from your letter to me of the 10th instant, that works were raised against the town of Boston, private property invaded, the soldiers suffered to insult the inhabitants, and the communication between the town and country, shut up and molested.

Nothing can be farther from the true situation of this place than the above state. There is not a single gun pointed against the town, no man’s property has been seized or hurt, except the king’s, by the people’s destroying straw, bricks, etc. bought for his service. No troops have given less cause for complaint, and greater care was never taken to prevent it; and such care and attention was never more necessary from the insults and provocations daily given to both officers and soldiers. The communication between the town and country has been always free and unmolested, and is so still.

Two works of earth have been raised at some distance from the town, wide off the road, and guns put in them. The remainder of old works, going out of the town, have been strengthened, and guns placed there likewise. People will think differently, whether the hostile preparation throughout the country, and the menaces of blood and slaughter, made this necessary; but I am to do my duty.

It gives me pleasure that you are endeavoring at a cordial reconciliation with the mother country, which, from what has transpired, I have despaired of. Nobody wishes better success to such measures than myself. I have endeavored to be a mediator, if I could establish a foundation to work upon, and have strongly urged it to people here to pay for the tea,1 and send a proper memorial to the king, which would be a good beginning on their side, and give their friends the opportunity they seek to move in their support.

I do not believe that menaces, and unfriendly proceedings, will have the effect which too many conceive. The spirit of the British nation was high when I left England, and such measures will not abate it. But I should hope that decency and moderation here, would create the same disposition at home; and I ardently wish that the common enemies to both countries may see, to their disappointment, that these disputes, between the mother country and the colonies, have terminated like the quarrels of lovers, and increased the affection which they ought to bear to each other.

Source

Ford, et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, 1:114-15. General Thomas Gage (1719–1787) served in the French and Indian War and was Commander-in-Chief of British forces in North America from 1763 to 1775.

Footnotes

  • Gage is referring to the tea that was destroyed in the Boston Tea Party (December 1773); in retribution, the British Parliament passed the Boston Port Act in March 1774, ordering the port of Boston be closed until the city’s residents paid for the nearly $1 million worth (in today’s money) of lost revenue.

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